Los cambios legislativos en los territorios ocupados por Israel después de 1967
Palabras clave:
Cambios legislativos, Territorios, Ocupación, Palestina, IsraelResumen
Después de la Guerra de los Seis Días en 1967, el Estado de Israel ocupó Gaza, Cisjordania y Jerusalén Este. Tras su ocupación, se establece un gobierno militar que tiene la potestad de hacer cambios legislativos en virtud de mantener el orden y la seguridad en la región. Sin embargo, la autorización del gobierno de Israel de construir asentamientos judíos dentro del territorio palestino, ha repercutido a nivel social y económico en la región. La hipótesis de este artículo es que estas modificaciones no siempre han favorecido a la población civil, porque crean una legislación dual: una para los habitantes de la región palestina y otra, para la población residente en los asentamientos judíos.
Citas
LIBROS
ARAI-TAKAHASHI, Yutaka (2009) The Law of occupation: continuity and change of international Humanitarian Law, and its interaction with international Human Rights Law. California: Martinus Nijhoff, 760 pp.
AZOULAY, Ariella; OPHIR, Adi (2012) The one state-condition: Occupation and Democracy in Israel/Palestine. Standford California: Standford University Press, 344 pp.
BENVENISTI, Eyal (1993) The international law of occupation. New Jersey: Princeton Universal Press, 241 pp.
BENVENISTI, Eyal (1997) "Judicial Review of Administrative Action in the Territories Occupied in 1967". En Itzhak, Zamir; Zysblat, Allen: Public Law in Israel. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 464 pp.
BENVENISTI, Meron (1984) The West Bank Database Project: A survey of Israel's policies. Washington: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 97 pp.
BOYLE, Francis Anthony (2003) Palestine, Palestinians and International Law. Michigan: Clarity Press, 205 pp.
COHEN, Esther (1985) Human Rights in the Israel-Occupied Territories 1967-1982. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 322 pp.
DE AZCARATE, Pablo (1968) Misión en Palestina. Madrid: Editorial Tecnos, S.A., 229 pp.
DÍAZ BARRADO, Castor Miguel (2011) "La autodeterminación del pueblo palestino: la clave para la solución de los conflictos". En Vacas Fernández, Félix (director); Guerrero Fernández, Alberto (coordinador): Palestina e Israel en el nuevo contexto interno e internacional. Getafe: Instituto de Estudios Internacionales y Europeos "Francisco de Vitoria", 111 pp.
DINSTEIN, Yoram (2009) The International Law of belligerent occupation. Cambridge: University Press, 336 pp.
FERNÁNDEZ GÓMEZ, Manuel; PECO YESTE, Miguel (2003) El Conflicto Palestino-Israelí. Madrid: Instituto de Estudios Internacionales y Europeos "Francisco Vitoria", 127 pp.
FORT NAVARRO, Albert; MARTÍNEZ IBÁÑEZ, Enrique (2002) El conflicto Palestino-Israelí: un recorrido histórico para comprender el presente. Valencia: Diálogo, 155 pp.
INSTITUTE FOR PALENTINE STUDIES(1984) The Karp report: An Israeli government inquiry into settler violence against Palestinians on the West Bank. Washington: Institute for Palestine Studies, 80 pp.
JACOBY, Tami Amanda; SASLEY, Brent E. (2002) Redefining Security in the Middle East. Canada: Manchester University Press, 176 pp.
PELEG, Ilan (1995) Human rights in the West Bank and Gaza. Legacy and Politics. 1° edition. New York: Syracuse University Press, 191 pp.
PLAYFAIR, Enma (1992) International law and the Administration of Occupied Territories. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 534 pp.
RUBINSTEIN, Amnon (1996) The Constitutional Law of the State of Israel. 5a edition. Tel Aviv: Shoken, 1191 pp.
SHAMGAR, Meir (1982) "Legal Concepts and Problems of the Israeli Military Government-The Initial Stage". En Shamgar, Meir (editor): Military government in the territories administered by Israel 1967-1980: the legal aspects. Jerusalem: Alpha Press, pp. 13-60.
SHAWAN, Usahma (2003) Public Administration in Palestine: past and present. Oxford: University Press of America, 140 pp.
SHEHADEH, Raja (1985) Occupier's Law: Israel and the West Bank. 1° Edition. Washington: Institute for Palestine Studies, 212 pp.
SHETREET, Shimon (1994) Justice in Israel: A Study of the Israeli Judiciary. Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 576 pp.
THÜRER, D. (2011) International Humanitarian Law: A Unique Regime. Collected Courses of the Hague Academy of International Law, Vol. 338. Brill Nijhoff: Hague Academy of International Law, 370 pp.
VOORHOEVE, Joris (2007) From War to the Rule of Law: Peacebuilding after violent conflicts. Amsterdam: University Press Amsterdam, 203 pp.
YEIN-NG, Gar (2007) Quality of Judicial Organisation and Checks and Balances. Oxford: Intersentia, 428 pp.
ZAMIR, Itzhak; ZYSBLAT, Allen (1996) Public Law in Israel. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 464 pp.
ARTÍCULOS CITADOS
ALLAN, Gerson (1973) "Trustee-Occupant: The Legal Status of Israel's Presence in the West Bank". Harvard International Law Journal, Vol. 14, pp. 1-49.
BADIA MARTÍ, Anna (2005) "La opinión consultiva de la Corte Internacional de Justicia sobre las consecuencias jurídicas de la construcción de un muro en territorio palestino ocupado 9 de julio de 2004". Revista Electrónica de Estudios Internacionales, Vol. 9, pp. 1-23.
BAR-YAAKOV, Nissim (1990) "The Applicability of the Law of war to Judea and Samaria (The West Bank) and to the Gaza Strip". Israel Law Review, Vol. 24, pp. 485-506.
COHEN, Esther (1985-1986) "Justice for Occupied Territory? The Israeli High Court of Justice Paradigm". Columbia Journal Transnational Law, Vol. 24, pp. 471-508.
DROEGE, Cordula (2007) "The Interplay between international humanitarian law and international human rights law in situations of armed conflict". Israel Law Review, Vol. 40, N° 2, pp. 310-355.
DRORI, Moshe (1977) "Second Municipal Elections in Judea and Samaria under Israel Administration: Legislative Changes". Israel Law Review, Vol. 12, pp. 526-540.
DRORI, Moshe, (1978)."The legal system in Judea and Samaria: a review of the previous decade with a glance of the future". Israel Yearbook on Human Rights, Vol. 8, pp. 144-177.
GRINBERG, Lev (2008) "El 'régimen dual' en Israel desde 1967". Araucaria: Revista Iberoamericana de Filosofía, Política y Humanidades, N° 19, primer semestre, pp. 124-151.
KARAYANNI, Michael M. (2014) "Access to Justice Ascends to International Civil Litigation: The Case of Palestinian Plaintiffs before Israeli Courts". Civil Justice Quarterly, Vol. 33, N° 1, pp. 41-75.
KOUTROULIS, Vaios (2002) "La aplicación del derecho internacional humanitario y el derecho internacional de los derechos humanos en situaciones de ocupación prolongada: ¿solo cuestión de tiempo?". International Review of the Red Cross, N° 885, pp. 1-45.
KRETZMER, David (2005) "The Advisory Opinion: The Light Treatment of International Humanitarian Law". The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 99, pp. 88-102.
LAPIDOTH, Ruth (1990) "International Law within the Israel Legal System". Israel Law Review, Vol. 24, pp. 451-484.
ORAKHELASHVILI, Alexander (2006) "Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory: Opinion and Reaction". Journal of Conflict and Security Law, Vol. 11, pp. 119-139.
ROBERTS, Adam (1990) "Prolonged military occupation: the Israeli-occupied territories since 1967". The American Journal International Law, Vol. 84, pp. 44-103.
ROBERTS, Adam (2006) "Transformative military occupation: applying the laws of ward and human rights". The American Journal International Law, Vol. 100, pp. 580-622.
RUBINSTEIN, Amnon (1988) "The changing status of the "territories" (West Bank and Gaza): From scrow to legal mongrel". Tel Aviv University Studies in Law, Vol. 8, pp. 59-80.
SABRI, Nidal (1995) "The Effects of Taxes Imposed on the Population of the Occupied Palestinian Territories". Paper presented at the Seminar on Living Conditions of the Palestinian People. Vienna: Habitat.
SCOBBIE, Iain (2006) "Unchart (er) ed Waters? Consequences of the Advisory Opinion on the Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory for the Responsibility of the UN for Palestine". The European Journal of International Law, Vol. 16, N° 5, pp. 941-961.
SHAMGAR, Meir (1971) "The Observance of International Law in the Administered Territories". Israel Yearbook on Human Rights, Vol. 1, pp. 262-277.
SHETREET, Shimon (1986) "Limmits and promises of International norms and procedure for the Protection of Human Rights". En Goldstein, Stephen: Israeli Reports to the International 12th Congress of law. Jerusalem: Harry Sacher Institute for Legislative Research and Comparative Law, pp. 1-103.
SINGER, Joel (1982) "The establishment of a civil administration in the areas administered by Israel". Israel Yearbook on Human Rights, Vol. 12, pp. 259-289.
YIFTACHEL, Oren (1997) "Israel society and jewish-palestinian reconciliation: "Ethnocracy' and its territorial contradictions". The Middle East Journal, Vol. 51, N° 4, Autumn, pp. 505-519.
INFORMES DE ORGANIZACIONES NO GUBERNAMENTALES
AMNISTÍA INTERNACIONAL (1991) Israel and the occupied territories: the military justice system. New York: Amnesty international, p. 17.
B"TSELEM (1990) The Military Judicial System in the West Bank- Follow up Report.
COMITÉ CONTRA LA TORTURA (2009) CAT/C/ISR/CO/4, 23 de junio de 2009, Disponible en: http://www.acnur.org/t3/fileadmin/Documentos/BDL/2010/7944.pdf?view=1 [fecha de visita: 16 de julio de 2015]
PÁGINAS WEB CONSULTADAS
The situation in the Middle East, AG Res. 32/20 noviembre 25 de 1977. http://www.un.org/es/documents/ag/res/32/ares32.htm [fecha de visita: 16 de julio de 2015]
Agreed documents on movement and access from and to Gaza (2005).
Disponible en:
http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/foreignpolicy/peace/mfadocuments/pages/agreed%20documents%20on%20movement%20and%20access%20from%20and%20to%20gaza%2015-nov-2005.aspx
Ley Básica: Jerusalén, Capital de Israel. 30 de julio de 1980. Disponible en:
http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/1980_1989/Basic+Law-+Jerusalem-+Capital+of+Israel.htm [fecha de visita: 28 de julio de 2014]
Declaration concerning the Laws and Customs of War. Brussels, 27 August, 1874, http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/FULL/135?OpenDocument [fecha de visita: 29 de julio de 2014]
JURISPRUDENCIA CITADA
HCJ 69/81 "Abu Aita et al. v. The Regional Commander of Judea and Samaria", párr. 53(c) p. 146. Disponible en: http://elyon1.court.gov.il/files_eng/81/690/000/Z01/81000690.z01.htm [fecha de visita: 3 de diciembre de 2015].
HCJ 393/82 "Jamait Askan et al. v. IDF Commander of Judea and Samaria". Disponible en: http://hamoked.org/items/160_eng.pdf [fecha de visita: 3 de diciembre de 2015].
HCJ 785/87 "Abd Al Nasser Al Azis v. Commander of IDF forces in the West Bank". Disponible en: http://elyon1.court.gov.il/files_eng/87/850/007/Z01/87007850.z01.htm [fecha de visita: 3 de diciembre de 2015].
HCJ 4481/91 "Barguil v. Government of Israel", Disponible en: http://elyon1.court.gov.il/files_eng/91/810/044/Z01/91044810.z01.htm [fecha de visita: 3 de diciembre de 2015].
ARAI-TAKAHASHI, Yutaka (2009) The Law of occupation: continuity and change of international Humanitarian Law, and its interaction with international Human Rights Law. California: Martinus Nijhoff, 760 pp.
AZOULAY, Ariella; OPHIR, Adi (2012) The one state-condition: Occupation and Democracy in Israel/Palestine. Standford California: Standford University Press, 344 pp.
BENVENISTI, Eyal (1993) The international law of occupation. New Jersey: Princeton Universal Press, 241 pp.
BENVENISTI, Eyal (1997) "Judicial Review of Administrative Action in the Territories Occupied in 1967". En Itzhak, Zamir; Zysblat, Allen: Public Law in Israel. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 464 pp.
BENVENISTI, Meron (1984) The West Bank Database Project: A survey of Israel's policies. Washington: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 97 pp.
BOYLE, Francis Anthony (2003) Palestine, Palestinians and International Law. Michigan: Clarity Press, 205 pp.
COHEN, Esther (1985) Human Rights in the Israel-Occupied Territories 1967-1982. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 322 pp.
DE AZCARATE, Pablo (1968) Misión en Palestina. Madrid: Editorial Tecnos, S.A., 229 pp.
DÍAZ BARRADO, Castor Miguel (2011) "La autodeterminación del pueblo palestino: la clave para la solución de los conflictos". En Vacas Fernández, Félix (director); Guerrero Fernández, Alberto (coordinador): Palestina e Israel en el nuevo contexto interno e internacional. Getafe: Instituto de Estudios Internacionales y Europeos "Francisco de Vitoria", 111 pp.
DINSTEIN, Yoram (2009) The International Law of belligerent occupation. Cambridge: University Press, 336 pp.
FERNÁNDEZ GÓMEZ, Manuel; PECO YESTE, Miguel (2003) El Conflicto Palestino-Israelí. Madrid: Instituto de Estudios Internacionales y Europeos "Francisco Vitoria", 127 pp.
FORT NAVARRO, Albert; MARTÍNEZ IBÁÑEZ, Enrique (2002) El conflicto Palestino-Israelí: un recorrido histórico para comprender el presente. Valencia: Diálogo, 155 pp.
INSTITUTE FOR PALENTINE STUDIES(1984) The Karp report: An Israeli government inquiry into settler violence against Palestinians on the West Bank. Washington: Institute for Palestine Studies, 80 pp.
JACOBY, Tami Amanda; SASLEY, Brent E. (2002) Redefining Security in the Middle East. Canada: Manchester University Press, 176 pp.
PELEG, Ilan (1995) Human rights in the West Bank and Gaza. Legacy and Politics. 1° edition. New York: Syracuse University Press, 191 pp.
PLAYFAIR, Enma (1992) International law and the Administration of Occupied Territories. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 534 pp.
RUBINSTEIN, Amnon (1996) The Constitutional Law of the State of Israel. 5a edition. Tel Aviv: Shoken, 1191 pp.
SHAMGAR, Meir (1982) "Legal Concepts and Problems of the Israeli Military Government-The Initial Stage". En Shamgar, Meir (editor): Military government in the territories administered by Israel 1967-1980: the legal aspects. Jerusalem: Alpha Press, pp. 13-60.
SHAWAN, Usahma (2003) Public Administration in Palestine: past and present. Oxford: University Press of America, 140 pp.
SHEHADEH, Raja (1985) Occupier's Law: Israel and the West Bank. 1° Edition. Washington: Institute for Palestine Studies, 212 pp.
SHETREET, Shimon (1994) Justice in Israel: A Study of the Israeli Judiciary. Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 576 pp.
THÜRER, D. (2011) International Humanitarian Law: A Unique Regime. Collected Courses of the Hague Academy of International Law, Vol. 338. Brill Nijhoff: Hague Academy of International Law, 370 pp.
VOORHOEVE, Joris (2007) From War to the Rule of Law: Peacebuilding after violent conflicts. Amsterdam: University Press Amsterdam, 203 pp.
YEIN-NG, Gar (2007) Quality of Judicial Organisation and Checks and Balances. Oxford: Intersentia, 428 pp.
ZAMIR, Itzhak; ZYSBLAT, Allen (1996) Public Law in Israel. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 464 pp.
ARTÍCULOS CITADOS
ALLAN, Gerson (1973) "Trustee-Occupant: The Legal Status of Israel's Presence in the West Bank". Harvard International Law Journal, Vol. 14, pp. 1-49.
BADIA MARTÍ, Anna (2005) "La opinión consultiva de la Corte Internacional de Justicia sobre las consecuencias jurídicas de la construcción de un muro en territorio palestino ocupado 9 de julio de 2004". Revista Electrónica de Estudios Internacionales, Vol. 9, pp. 1-23.
BAR-YAAKOV, Nissim (1990) "The Applicability of the Law of war to Judea and Samaria (The West Bank) and to the Gaza Strip". Israel Law Review, Vol. 24, pp. 485-506.
COHEN, Esther (1985-1986) "Justice for Occupied Territory? The Israeli High Court of Justice Paradigm". Columbia Journal Transnational Law, Vol. 24, pp. 471-508.
DROEGE, Cordula (2007) "The Interplay between international humanitarian law and international human rights law in situations of armed conflict". Israel Law Review, Vol. 40, N° 2, pp. 310-355.
DRORI, Moshe (1977) "Second Municipal Elections in Judea and Samaria under Israel Administration: Legislative Changes". Israel Law Review, Vol. 12, pp. 526-540.
DRORI, Moshe, (1978)."The legal system in Judea and Samaria: a review of the previous decade with a glance of the future". Israel Yearbook on Human Rights, Vol. 8, pp. 144-177.
GRINBERG, Lev (2008) "El 'régimen dual' en Israel desde 1967". Araucaria: Revista Iberoamericana de Filosofía, Política y Humanidades, N° 19, primer semestre, pp. 124-151.
KARAYANNI, Michael M. (2014) "Access to Justice Ascends to International Civil Litigation: The Case of Palestinian Plaintiffs before Israeli Courts". Civil Justice Quarterly, Vol. 33, N° 1, pp. 41-75.
KOUTROULIS, Vaios (2002) "La aplicación del derecho internacional humanitario y el derecho internacional de los derechos humanos en situaciones de ocupación prolongada: ¿solo cuestión de tiempo?". International Review of the Red Cross, N° 885, pp. 1-45.
KRETZMER, David (2005) "The Advisory Opinion: The Light Treatment of International Humanitarian Law". The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 99, pp. 88-102.
LAPIDOTH, Ruth (1990) "International Law within the Israel Legal System". Israel Law Review, Vol. 24, pp. 451-484.
ORAKHELASHVILI, Alexander (2006) "Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory: Opinion and Reaction". Journal of Conflict and Security Law, Vol. 11, pp. 119-139.
ROBERTS, Adam (1990) "Prolonged military occupation: the Israeli-occupied territories since 1967". The American Journal International Law, Vol. 84, pp. 44-103.
ROBERTS, Adam (2006) "Transformative military occupation: applying the laws of ward and human rights". The American Journal International Law, Vol. 100, pp. 580-622.
RUBINSTEIN, Amnon (1988) "The changing status of the "territories" (West Bank and Gaza): From scrow to legal mongrel". Tel Aviv University Studies in Law, Vol. 8, pp. 59-80.
SABRI, Nidal (1995) "The Effects of Taxes Imposed on the Population of the Occupied Palestinian Territories". Paper presented at the Seminar on Living Conditions of the Palestinian People. Vienna: Habitat.
SCOBBIE, Iain (2006) "Unchart (er) ed Waters? Consequences of the Advisory Opinion on the Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory for the Responsibility of the UN for Palestine". The European Journal of International Law, Vol. 16, N° 5, pp. 941-961.
SHAMGAR, Meir (1971) "The Observance of International Law in the Administered Territories". Israel Yearbook on Human Rights, Vol. 1, pp. 262-277.
SHETREET, Shimon (1986) "Limmits and promises of International norms and procedure for the Protection of Human Rights". En Goldstein, Stephen: Israeli Reports to the International 12th Congress of law. Jerusalem: Harry Sacher Institute for Legislative Research and Comparative Law, pp. 1-103.
SINGER, Joel (1982) "The establishment of a civil administration in the areas administered by Israel". Israel Yearbook on Human Rights, Vol. 12, pp. 259-289.
YIFTACHEL, Oren (1997) "Israel society and jewish-palestinian reconciliation: "Ethnocracy' and its territorial contradictions". The Middle East Journal, Vol. 51, N° 4, Autumn, pp. 505-519.
INFORMES DE ORGANIZACIONES NO GUBERNAMENTALES
AMNISTÍA INTERNACIONAL (1991) Israel and the occupied territories: the military justice system. New York: Amnesty international, p. 17.
B"TSELEM (1990) The Military Judicial System in the West Bank- Follow up Report.
COMITÉ CONTRA LA TORTURA (2009) CAT/C/ISR/CO/4, 23 de junio de 2009, Disponible en: http://www.acnur.org/t3/fileadmin/Documentos/BDL/2010/7944.pdf?view=1 [fecha de visita: 16 de julio de 2015]
PÁGINAS WEB CONSULTADAS
The situation in the Middle East, AG Res. 32/20 noviembre 25 de 1977. http://www.un.org/es/documents/ag/res/32/ares32.htm [fecha de visita: 16 de julio de 2015]
Agreed documents on movement and access from and to Gaza (2005).
Disponible en:
http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/foreignpolicy/peace/mfadocuments/pages/agreed%20documents%20on%20movement%20and%20access%20from%20and%20to%20gaza%2015-nov-2005.aspx
Ley Básica: Jerusalén, Capital de Israel. 30 de julio de 1980. Disponible en:
http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/1980_1989/Basic+Law-+Jerusalem-+Capital+of+Israel.htm [fecha de visita: 28 de julio de 2014]
Declaration concerning the Laws and Customs of War. Brussels, 27 August, 1874, http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/FULL/135?OpenDocument [fecha de visita: 29 de julio de 2014]
JURISPRUDENCIA CITADA
HCJ 69/81 "Abu Aita et al. v. The Regional Commander of Judea and Samaria", párr. 53(c) p. 146. Disponible en: http://elyon1.court.gov.il/files_eng/81/690/000/Z01/81000690.z01.htm [fecha de visita: 3 de diciembre de 2015].
HCJ 393/82 "Jamait Askan et al. v. IDF Commander of Judea and Samaria". Disponible en: http://hamoked.org/items/160_eng.pdf [fecha de visita: 3 de diciembre de 2015].
HCJ 785/87 "Abd Al Nasser Al Azis v. Commander of IDF forces in the West Bank". Disponible en: http://elyon1.court.gov.il/files_eng/87/850/007/Z01/87007850.z01.htm [fecha de visita: 3 de diciembre de 2015].
HCJ 4481/91 "Barguil v. Government of Israel", Disponible en: http://elyon1.court.gov.il/files_eng/91/810/044/Z01/91044810.z01.htm [fecha de visita: 3 de diciembre de 2015].
Publicado
2016-09-16
Cómo citar
Giraldo Restrepo, Y., & Guerrero Sierra, H. F. (2016). Los cambios legislativos en los territorios ocupados por Israel después de 1967. Revista De Derecho (Coquimbo. En línea), 23(1), 199-231. Recuperado a partir de https://revistaderecho.ucn.cl/index.php/revista-derecho/article/view/1802
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