Los Legislative changes in the occupied territories by Israel after 1967
Keywords:
Legislative changes, Palestine, Israel, Territories, OccupationAbstract
After Six-Day War in 1967, the State of Israel occupied Gaza, the West Bank and East Jerusalem. Following its occupation, a military government that has the power to make legislative changes under maintains order and security in the region is established. However, the authorization of the government of Israel to build Jewish settlements in the Palestinian territory has impacted social and economic status in the region. The hypothesis of this paper is that these changes have not always favored the civilian population because they create a dual legislation: one for residents of the Palestinian region and another one for the resident population in Jewish settlements.
References
LIBROS
ARAI-TAKAHASHI, Yutaka (2009) The Law of occupation: continuity and change of international Humanitarian Law, and its interaction with international Human Rights Law. California: Martinus Nijhoff, 760 pp.
AZOULAY, Ariella; OPHIR, Adi (2012) The one state-condition: Occupation and Democracy in Israel/Palestine. Standford California: Standford University Press, 344 pp.
BENVENISTI, Eyal (1993) The international law of occupation. New Jersey: Princeton Universal Press, 241 pp.
BENVENISTI, Eyal (1997) "Judicial Review of Administrative Action in the Territories Occupied in 1967". En Itzhak, Zamir; Zysblat, Allen: Public Law in Israel. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 464 pp.
BENVENISTI, Meron (1984) The West Bank Database Project: A survey of Israel's policies. Washington: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 97 pp.
BOYLE, Francis Anthony (2003) Palestine, Palestinians and International Law. Michigan: Clarity Press, 205 pp.
COHEN, Esther (1985) Human Rights in the Israel-Occupied Territories 1967-1982. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 322 pp.
DE AZCARATE, Pablo (1968) Misión en Palestina. Madrid: Editorial Tecnos, S.A., 229 pp.
DÍAZ BARRADO, Castor Miguel (2011) "La autodeterminación del pueblo palestino: la clave para la solución de los conflictos". En Vacas Fernández, Félix (director); Guerrero Fernández, Alberto (coordinador): Palestina e Israel en el nuevo contexto interno e internacional. Getafe: Instituto de Estudios Internacionales y Europeos "Francisco de Vitoria", 111 pp.
DINSTEIN, Yoram (2009) The International Law of belligerent occupation. Cambridge: University Press, 336 pp.
FERNÁNDEZ GÓMEZ, Manuel; PECO YESTE, Miguel (2003) El Conflicto Palestino-Israelí. Madrid: Instituto de Estudios Internacionales y Europeos "Francisco Vitoria", 127 pp.
FORT NAVARRO, Albert; MARTÍNEZ IBÁÑEZ, Enrique (2002) El conflicto Palestino-Israelí: un recorrido histórico para comprender el presente. Valencia: Diálogo, 155 pp.
INSTITUTE FOR PALENTINE STUDIES(1984) The Karp report: An Israeli government inquiry into settler violence against Palestinians on the West Bank. Washington: Institute for Palestine Studies, 80 pp.
JACOBY, Tami Amanda; SASLEY, Brent E. (2002) Redefining Security in the Middle East. Canada: Manchester University Press, 176 pp.
PELEG, Ilan (1995) Human rights in the West Bank and Gaza. Legacy and Politics. 1° edition. New York: Syracuse University Press, 191 pp.
PLAYFAIR, Enma (1992) International law and the Administration of Occupied Territories. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 534 pp.
RUBINSTEIN, Amnon (1996) The Constitutional Law of the State of Israel. 5a edition. Tel Aviv: Shoken, 1191 pp.
SHAMGAR, Meir (1982) "Legal Concepts and Problems of the Israeli Military Government-The Initial Stage". En Shamgar, Meir (editor): Military government in the territories administered by Israel 1967-1980: the legal aspects. Jerusalem: Alpha Press, pp. 13-60.
SHAWAN, Usahma (2003) Public Administration in Palestine: past and present. Oxford: University Press of America, 140 pp.
SHEHADEH, Raja (1985) Occupier's Law: Israel and the West Bank. 1° Edition. Washington: Institute for Palestine Studies, 212 pp.
SHETREET, Shimon (1994) Justice in Israel: A Study of the Israeli Judiciary. Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 576 pp.
THÜRER, D. (2011) International Humanitarian Law: A Unique Regime. Collected Courses of the Hague Academy of International Law, Vol. 338. Brill Nijhoff: Hague Academy of International Law, 370 pp.
VOORHOEVE, Joris (2007) From War to the Rule of Law: Peacebuilding after violent conflicts. Amsterdam: University Press Amsterdam, 203 pp.
YEIN-NG, Gar (2007) Quality of Judicial Organisation and Checks and Balances. Oxford: Intersentia, 428 pp.
ZAMIR, Itzhak; ZYSBLAT, Allen (1996) Public Law in Israel. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 464 pp.
ARTÍCULOS CITADOS
ALLAN, Gerson (1973) "Trustee-Occupant: The Legal Status of Israel's Presence in the West Bank". Harvard International Law Journal, Vol. 14, pp. 1-49.
BADIA MARTÍ, Anna (2005) "La opinión consultiva de la Corte Internacional de Justicia sobre las consecuencias jurídicas de la construcción de un muro en territorio palestino ocupado 9 de julio de 2004". Revista Electrónica de Estudios Internacionales, Vol. 9, pp. 1-23.
BAR-YAAKOV, Nissim (1990) "The Applicability of the Law of war to Judea and Samaria (The West Bank) and to the Gaza Strip". Israel Law Review, Vol. 24, pp. 485-506.
COHEN, Esther (1985-1986) "Justice for Occupied Territory? The Israeli High Court of Justice Paradigm". Columbia Journal Transnational Law, Vol. 24, pp. 471-508.
DROEGE, Cordula (2007) "The Interplay between international humanitarian law and international human rights law in situations of armed conflict". Israel Law Review, Vol. 40, N° 2, pp. 310-355.
DRORI, Moshe (1977) "Second Municipal Elections in Judea and Samaria under Israel Administration: Legislative Changes". Israel Law Review, Vol. 12, pp. 526-540.
DRORI, Moshe, (1978)."The legal system in Judea and Samaria: a review of the previous decade with a glance of the future". Israel Yearbook on Human Rights, Vol. 8, pp. 144-177.
GRINBERG, Lev (2008) "El 'régimen dual' en Israel desde 1967". Araucaria: Revista Iberoamericana de Filosofía, Política y Humanidades, N° 19, primer semestre, pp. 124-151.
KARAYANNI, Michael M. (2014) "Access to Justice Ascends to International Civil Litigation: The Case of Palestinian Plaintiffs before Israeli Courts". Civil Justice Quarterly, Vol. 33, N° 1, pp. 41-75.
KOUTROULIS, Vaios (2002) "La aplicación del derecho internacional humanitario y el derecho internacional de los derechos humanos en situaciones de ocupación prolongada: ¿solo cuestión de tiempo?". International Review of the Red Cross, N° 885, pp. 1-45.
KRETZMER, David (2005) "The Advisory Opinion: The Light Treatment of International Humanitarian Law". The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 99, pp. 88-102.
LAPIDOTH, Ruth (1990) "International Law within the Israel Legal System". Israel Law Review, Vol. 24, pp. 451-484.
ORAKHELASHVILI, Alexander (2006) "Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory: Opinion and Reaction". Journal of Conflict and Security Law, Vol. 11, pp. 119-139.
ROBERTS, Adam (1990) "Prolonged military occupation: the Israeli-occupied territories since 1967". The American Journal International Law, Vol. 84, pp. 44-103.
ROBERTS, Adam (2006) "Transformative military occupation: applying the laws of ward and human rights". The American Journal International Law, Vol. 100, pp. 580-622.
RUBINSTEIN, Amnon (1988) "The changing status of the "territories" (West Bank and Gaza): From scrow to legal mongrel". Tel Aviv University Studies in Law, Vol. 8, pp. 59-80.
SABRI, Nidal (1995) "The Effects of Taxes Imposed on the Population of the Occupied Palestinian Territories". Paper presented at the Seminar on Living Conditions of the Palestinian People. Vienna: Habitat.
SCOBBIE, Iain (2006) "Unchart (er) ed Waters? Consequences of the Advisory Opinion on the Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory for the Responsibility of the UN for Palestine". The European Journal of International Law, Vol. 16, N° 5, pp. 941-961.
SHAMGAR, Meir (1971) "The Observance of International Law in the Administered Territories". Israel Yearbook on Human Rights, Vol. 1, pp. 262-277.
SHETREET, Shimon (1986) "Limmits and promises of International norms and procedure for the Protection of Human Rights". En Goldstein, Stephen: Israeli Reports to the International 12th Congress of law. Jerusalem: Harry Sacher Institute for Legislative Research and Comparative Law, pp. 1-103.
SINGER, Joel (1982) "The establishment of a civil administration in the areas administered by Israel". Israel Yearbook on Human Rights, Vol. 12, pp. 259-289.
YIFTACHEL, Oren (1997) "Israel society and jewish-palestinian reconciliation: "Ethnocracy' and its territorial contradictions". The Middle East Journal, Vol. 51, N° 4, Autumn, pp. 505-519.
INFORMES DE ORGANIZACIONES NO GUBERNAMENTALES
AMNISTÍA INTERNACIONAL (1991) Israel and the occupied territories: the military justice system. New York: Amnesty international, p. 17.
B"TSELEM (1990) The Military Judicial System in the West Bank- Follow up Report.
COMITÉ CONTRA LA TORTURA (2009) CAT/C/ISR/CO/4, 23 de junio de 2009, Disponible en: http://www.acnur.org/t3/fileadmin/Documentos/BDL/2010/7944.pdf?view=1 [fecha de visita: 16 de julio de 2015]
PÁGINAS WEB CONSULTADAS
The situation in the Middle East, AG Res. 32/20 noviembre 25 de 1977. http://www.un.org/es/documents/ag/res/32/ares32.htm [fecha de visita: 16 de julio de 2015]
Agreed documents on movement and access from and to Gaza (2005).
Disponible en:
http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/foreignpolicy/peace/mfadocuments/pages/agreed%20documents%20on%20movement%20and%20access%20from%20and%20to%20gaza%2015-nov-2005.aspx
Ley Básica: Jerusalén, Capital de Israel. 30 de julio de 1980. Disponible en:
http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/1980_1989/Basic+Law-+Jerusalem-+Capital+of+Israel.htm [fecha de visita: 28 de julio de 2014]
Declaration concerning the Laws and Customs of War. Brussels, 27 August, 1874, http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/FULL/135?OpenDocument [fecha de visita: 29 de julio de 2014]
JURISPRUDENCIA CITADA
HCJ 69/81 "Abu Aita et al. v. The Regional Commander of Judea and Samaria", párr. 53(c) p. 146. Disponible en: http://elyon1.court.gov.il/files_eng/81/690/000/Z01/81000690.z01.htm [fecha de visita: 3 de diciembre de 2015].
HCJ 393/82 "Jamait Askan et al. v. IDF Commander of Judea and Samaria". Disponible en: http://hamoked.org/items/160_eng.pdf [fecha de visita: 3 de diciembre de 2015].
HCJ 785/87 "Abd Al Nasser Al Azis v. Commander of IDF forces in the West Bank". Disponible en: http://elyon1.court.gov.il/files_eng/87/850/007/Z01/87007850.z01.htm [fecha de visita: 3 de diciembre de 2015].
HCJ 4481/91 "Barguil v. Government of Israel", Disponible en: http://elyon1.court.gov.il/files_eng/91/810/044/Z01/91044810.z01.htm [fecha de visita: 3 de diciembre de 2015].
ARAI-TAKAHASHI, Yutaka (2009) The Law of occupation: continuity and change of international Humanitarian Law, and its interaction with international Human Rights Law. California: Martinus Nijhoff, 760 pp.
AZOULAY, Ariella; OPHIR, Adi (2012) The one state-condition: Occupation and Democracy in Israel/Palestine. Standford California: Standford University Press, 344 pp.
BENVENISTI, Eyal (1993) The international law of occupation. New Jersey: Princeton Universal Press, 241 pp.
BENVENISTI, Eyal (1997) "Judicial Review of Administrative Action in the Territories Occupied in 1967". En Itzhak, Zamir; Zysblat, Allen: Public Law in Israel. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 464 pp.
BENVENISTI, Meron (1984) The West Bank Database Project: A survey of Israel's policies. Washington: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 97 pp.
BOYLE, Francis Anthony (2003) Palestine, Palestinians and International Law. Michigan: Clarity Press, 205 pp.
COHEN, Esther (1985) Human Rights in the Israel-Occupied Territories 1967-1982. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 322 pp.
DE AZCARATE, Pablo (1968) Misión en Palestina. Madrid: Editorial Tecnos, S.A., 229 pp.
DÍAZ BARRADO, Castor Miguel (2011) "La autodeterminación del pueblo palestino: la clave para la solución de los conflictos". En Vacas Fernández, Félix (director); Guerrero Fernández, Alberto (coordinador): Palestina e Israel en el nuevo contexto interno e internacional. Getafe: Instituto de Estudios Internacionales y Europeos "Francisco de Vitoria", 111 pp.
DINSTEIN, Yoram (2009) The International Law of belligerent occupation. Cambridge: University Press, 336 pp.
FERNÁNDEZ GÓMEZ, Manuel; PECO YESTE, Miguel (2003) El Conflicto Palestino-Israelí. Madrid: Instituto de Estudios Internacionales y Europeos "Francisco Vitoria", 127 pp.
FORT NAVARRO, Albert; MARTÍNEZ IBÁÑEZ, Enrique (2002) El conflicto Palestino-Israelí: un recorrido histórico para comprender el presente. Valencia: Diálogo, 155 pp.
INSTITUTE FOR PALENTINE STUDIES(1984) The Karp report: An Israeli government inquiry into settler violence against Palestinians on the West Bank. Washington: Institute for Palestine Studies, 80 pp.
JACOBY, Tami Amanda; SASLEY, Brent E. (2002) Redefining Security in the Middle East. Canada: Manchester University Press, 176 pp.
PELEG, Ilan (1995) Human rights in the West Bank and Gaza. Legacy and Politics. 1° edition. New York: Syracuse University Press, 191 pp.
PLAYFAIR, Enma (1992) International law and the Administration of Occupied Territories. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 534 pp.
RUBINSTEIN, Amnon (1996) The Constitutional Law of the State of Israel. 5a edition. Tel Aviv: Shoken, 1191 pp.
SHAMGAR, Meir (1982) "Legal Concepts and Problems of the Israeli Military Government-The Initial Stage". En Shamgar, Meir (editor): Military government in the territories administered by Israel 1967-1980: the legal aspects. Jerusalem: Alpha Press, pp. 13-60.
SHAWAN, Usahma (2003) Public Administration in Palestine: past and present. Oxford: University Press of America, 140 pp.
SHEHADEH, Raja (1985) Occupier's Law: Israel and the West Bank. 1° Edition. Washington: Institute for Palestine Studies, 212 pp.
SHETREET, Shimon (1994) Justice in Israel: A Study of the Israeli Judiciary. Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 576 pp.
THÜRER, D. (2011) International Humanitarian Law: A Unique Regime. Collected Courses of the Hague Academy of International Law, Vol. 338. Brill Nijhoff: Hague Academy of International Law, 370 pp.
VOORHOEVE, Joris (2007) From War to the Rule of Law: Peacebuilding after violent conflicts. Amsterdam: University Press Amsterdam, 203 pp.
YEIN-NG, Gar (2007) Quality of Judicial Organisation and Checks and Balances. Oxford: Intersentia, 428 pp.
ZAMIR, Itzhak; ZYSBLAT, Allen (1996) Public Law in Israel. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 464 pp.
ARTÍCULOS CITADOS
ALLAN, Gerson (1973) "Trustee-Occupant: The Legal Status of Israel's Presence in the West Bank". Harvard International Law Journal, Vol. 14, pp. 1-49.
BADIA MARTÍ, Anna (2005) "La opinión consultiva de la Corte Internacional de Justicia sobre las consecuencias jurídicas de la construcción de un muro en territorio palestino ocupado 9 de julio de 2004". Revista Electrónica de Estudios Internacionales, Vol. 9, pp. 1-23.
BAR-YAAKOV, Nissim (1990) "The Applicability of the Law of war to Judea and Samaria (The West Bank) and to the Gaza Strip". Israel Law Review, Vol. 24, pp. 485-506.
COHEN, Esther (1985-1986) "Justice for Occupied Territory? The Israeli High Court of Justice Paradigm". Columbia Journal Transnational Law, Vol. 24, pp. 471-508.
DROEGE, Cordula (2007) "The Interplay between international humanitarian law and international human rights law in situations of armed conflict". Israel Law Review, Vol. 40, N° 2, pp. 310-355.
DRORI, Moshe (1977) "Second Municipal Elections in Judea and Samaria under Israel Administration: Legislative Changes". Israel Law Review, Vol. 12, pp. 526-540.
DRORI, Moshe, (1978)."The legal system in Judea and Samaria: a review of the previous decade with a glance of the future". Israel Yearbook on Human Rights, Vol. 8, pp. 144-177.
GRINBERG, Lev (2008) "El 'régimen dual' en Israel desde 1967". Araucaria: Revista Iberoamericana de Filosofía, Política y Humanidades, N° 19, primer semestre, pp. 124-151.
KARAYANNI, Michael M. (2014) "Access to Justice Ascends to International Civil Litigation: The Case of Palestinian Plaintiffs before Israeli Courts". Civil Justice Quarterly, Vol. 33, N° 1, pp. 41-75.
KOUTROULIS, Vaios (2002) "La aplicación del derecho internacional humanitario y el derecho internacional de los derechos humanos en situaciones de ocupación prolongada: ¿solo cuestión de tiempo?". International Review of the Red Cross, N° 885, pp. 1-45.
KRETZMER, David (2005) "The Advisory Opinion: The Light Treatment of International Humanitarian Law". The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 99, pp. 88-102.
LAPIDOTH, Ruth (1990) "International Law within the Israel Legal System". Israel Law Review, Vol. 24, pp. 451-484.
ORAKHELASHVILI, Alexander (2006) "Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory: Opinion and Reaction". Journal of Conflict and Security Law, Vol. 11, pp. 119-139.
ROBERTS, Adam (1990) "Prolonged military occupation: the Israeli-occupied territories since 1967". The American Journal International Law, Vol. 84, pp. 44-103.
ROBERTS, Adam (2006) "Transformative military occupation: applying the laws of ward and human rights". The American Journal International Law, Vol. 100, pp. 580-622.
RUBINSTEIN, Amnon (1988) "The changing status of the "territories" (West Bank and Gaza): From scrow to legal mongrel". Tel Aviv University Studies in Law, Vol. 8, pp. 59-80.
SABRI, Nidal (1995) "The Effects of Taxes Imposed on the Population of the Occupied Palestinian Territories". Paper presented at the Seminar on Living Conditions of the Palestinian People. Vienna: Habitat.
SCOBBIE, Iain (2006) "Unchart (er) ed Waters? Consequences of the Advisory Opinion on the Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory for the Responsibility of the UN for Palestine". The European Journal of International Law, Vol. 16, N° 5, pp. 941-961.
SHAMGAR, Meir (1971) "The Observance of International Law in the Administered Territories". Israel Yearbook on Human Rights, Vol. 1, pp. 262-277.
SHETREET, Shimon (1986) "Limmits and promises of International norms and procedure for the Protection of Human Rights". En Goldstein, Stephen: Israeli Reports to the International 12th Congress of law. Jerusalem: Harry Sacher Institute for Legislative Research and Comparative Law, pp. 1-103.
SINGER, Joel (1982) "The establishment of a civil administration in the areas administered by Israel". Israel Yearbook on Human Rights, Vol. 12, pp. 259-289.
YIFTACHEL, Oren (1997) "Israel society and jewish-palestinian reconciliation: "Ethnocracy' and its territorial contradictions". The Middle East Journal, Vol. 51, N° 4, Autumn, pp. 505-519.
INFORMES DE ORGANIZACIONES NO GUBERNAMENTALES
AMNISTÍA INTERNACIONAL (1991) Israel and the occupied territories: the military justice system. New York: Amnesty international, p. 17.
B"TSELEM (1990) The Military Judicial System in the West Bank- Follow up Report.
COMITÉ CONTRA LA TORTURA (2009) CAT/C/ISR/CO/4, 23 de junio de 2009, Disponible en: http://www.acnur.org/t3/fileadmin/Documentos/BDL/2010/7944.pdf?view=1 [fecha de visita: 16 de julio de 2015]
PÁGINAS WEB CONSULTADAS
The situation in the Middle East, AG Res. 32/20 noviembre 25 de 1977. http://www.un.org/es/documents/ag/res/32/ares32.htm [fecha de visita: 16 de julio de 2015]
Agreed documents on movement and access from and to Gaza (2005).
Disponible en:
http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/foreignpolicy/peace/mfadocuments/pages/agreed%20documents%20on%20movement%20and%20access%20from%20and%20to%20gaza%2015-nov-2005.aspx
Ley Básica: Jerusalén, Capital de Israel. 30 de julio de 1980. Disponible en:
http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/1980_1989/Basic+Law-+Jerusalem-+Capital+of+Israel.htm [fecha de visita: 28 de julio de 2014]
Declaration concerning the Laws and Customs of War. Brussels, 27 August, 1874, http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/FULL/135?OpenDocument [fecha de visita: 29 de julio de 2014]
JURISPRUDENCIA CITADA
HCJ 69/81 "Abu Aita et al. v. The Regional Commander of Judea and Samaria", párr. 53(c) p. 146. Disponible en: http://elyon1.court.gov.il/files_eng/81/690/000/Z01/81000690.z01.htm [fecha de visita: 3 de diciembre de 2015].
HCJ 393/82 "Jamait Askan et al. v. IDF Commander of Judea and Samaria". Disponible en: http://hamoked.org/items/160_eng.pdf [fecha de visita: 3 de diciembre de 2015].
HCJ 785/87 "Abd Al Nasser Al Azis v. Commander of IDF forces in the West Bank". Disponible en: http://elyon1.court.gov.il/files_eng/87/850/007/Z01/87007850.z01.htm [fecha de visita: 3 de diciembre de 2015].
HCJ 4481/91 "Barguil v. Government of Israel", Disponible en: http://elyon1.court.gov.il/files_eng/91/810/044/Z01/91044810.z01.htm [fecha de visita: 3 de diciembre de 2015].
Published
2016-09-16
How to Cite
Giraldo Restrepo, Y., & Guerrero Sierra, H. F. (2016). Los Legislative changes in the occupied territories by Israel after 1967. Revista De Derecho (Coquimbo. En línea), 23(1), 199-231. Retrieved from https://revistaderecho.ucn.cl/index.php/revista-derecho/article/view/1802
Issue
Section
Ensayos
Aquellos autores/as que tengan publicaciones con esta revista, aceptan los términos siguientes:
- Los autores/as conservarán sus derechos de autor y garantizarán a la revista el derecho de primera publicación de su obra, el cuál estará simultáneamente sujeto a la Licencia de reconocimiento de Creative Commons que permite a terceros compartir la obra siempre que se indique su autor y su primera publicación esta revista.
- Los autores/as podrán adoptar otros acuerdos de licencia no exclusiva de distribución de la versión de la obra publicada (p. ej.: depositarla en un archivo telemático institucional o publicarla en un volumen monográfico) siempre que se indique la publicación inicial en esta revista.
- Se permite y recomienda a los autores/as difundir su obra a través de Internet (p. ej.: en archivos telemáticos institucionales o en su página web) antes y durante el proceso de envío, lo cual puede producir intercambios interesantes y aumentar las citas de la obra publicada. (Véase El efecto del acceso abierto)
_(1).png)
