Publicado 2016-01-17
Palabras clave
- Derecho al agua,
- Derecho internacional,
- Derecho de los recursos hídricos internacionales,
- Derechos humanos
Cómo citar
Bertazzo, S. (2016). La tutela del acceso al agua potable en el Derecho Internacional. Revista De Derecho (Coquimbo), 22(2), 55-92. https://revistaderecho.ucn.cl/index.php/revista-derecho/article/view/1809
Resumen
En atención a los problemas de contaminación y al estrés hídrico que se dan actualmente (y que repercuten en la salud y en las condiciones de vida de las personas) se considera relevante analizar el tema del acceso al agua potable a la luz del Derecho Internacional Público, con el fin de identificar las bases jurídicas para la tutela de las demandas de agua para el consumo humano. En particular, se analizarán los principales convenios internacionales sobre derechos humanos y gestión de los recursos hídricos, los documentos no vinculantes (“soft law”) que se refieren al acceso al agua potable y la jurisprudencia internacional, en particular modo la de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos y del Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos. A través de este trabajo se quiere demonstrar que en el Derecho internacional existen normas que protegen la satisfacción de las demandas humanas de agua potable y otras que incluso reconocen el acceso al agua potable como un derecho humano.
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Referencias
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AGUILAR CAVALLO, Gonzalo (2012) "The Human Right to Water and Sanitation: From Political Commitments to Customary Rule?". Pace International Law Review Online Companion. Vol. 3, N° 5, pp. 136-200.
ÁLVAREZ, Ignacio J. (2003) "The Right to Water as a Human Right". En Piccolotti, Romina; Taillant, Daniel (coordinadores): Linking Human Rights and the Environment. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, pp. 71-82.
ANDERSON, Michael R. (1996) "Human Rights Approaches to Environmental Protection". En Boyle, Alan E.; Anderson, Michael R. (coordinadores): Human Rights Approaches to Environmental Protection. Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 1-24.
ARCARI, Mauricio (1998) Il regime giuridico delle utilizzazioni dei corsi d'acqua internazionali. Principi generali e norme sostanziali. Padova: CEDAM, 484 pp.
ARCARI, Maurizio (2002) Acqua e Diritto Internazionale. Disponible en http://www.ilportoritrovato.net/html/edicolaacqua3arcari.html [fecha de visita 12 de junio de 2014] .
BARLOW, Maude; CLARKE, Tony (2003) Oro blu. La battaglia contro il furto mondiale dell'acqua. Bologna: Il Mulino, 180 pp.
BLUEMEL, Erik B. (2004). "The Implications of Formulating a Human Right to Water". Ecology Law Quarterly, Vol. 31, pp. 957-1006.
BOYLE, Alan (2012) "Human Rights and the Environment: Where Next?". European Journal of International Law. Vol. 23 N° 3, pp. 613-642.
CANCADO TRINDADE, Antonio A. (2006) El Derecho internacional de los derechos humanos en el siglo XXI. Santiago de Chile: Jurídica de Chile, 559 pp.
CAPONERA, Dante A. (1980) The Law of International Water Resources: Some General Conventions, Declarations, and Resolutions Adopted by Governments, International Legal Institutions, and International Organizations, on the Management of International Water Resources. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 324 pp.
DE ALBUQUERQUE, Catarina (2012) On the right track. Goodpractices in realising the rights to water and sanitation. 223 pp. Disponible en: http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Water/BookonGoodPractices_en.pdf [fecha de visita: 21 de noviembre de 2014]
DELLAPENNA, Joseph W. (2001) "The customary international law of transboundary fresh waters". International Journal of Global Environmental Issues. Vol. 1, N° 3/4, pp. 264-305.
DINSTEIN, Yoram (1981) "The Right to Life, Physical Integrity, and Liberty". En Henkin, Louis et al. (coordinadores): The International Bill of Rights. New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 114-137.
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION (1998) Sources of International Water Law. FAO Legislative Study N° 65. Disponible en http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/w9549e/w9549e07.htm#fnB133 [fecha de visita 5 de junio de 2014] .
GLEICK, Peter H. (1999) "The Human Right to Water". Water Policy. Vol. 1, N° 5, pp. 487-503 ss.
GLEICK, Peter. H.; SINGH, Ashbindu; SHI, Hua (2001) Emerging Threats to the World's Freshwater Resources. A Report ofthe Pacific Institute for Studies in Development, Environment, and Security. Oakland: Pacific Institute for Studies in Development, Environment, and Security, 64 pp. Disponible en http://www.pacinst.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/21/2013/02/threats_to_the_worlds_freshwater3.pdf [fecha de visita 21 de febrero de 2014] .
HUNTER, David; SALZMAN, James; ZAELKE, Durwood (2002) International Environmental Law and Policy. New York: Foundation Press, 1547 pp.
JIMÉNEZ DE ARÉCHAGA , Eduardo (1988) "Custom". En Cassese, Antonio; Weiler, Joseph H. H. (coordinadores): Change and Stability in International Law-Making. Berlin: de Grutyer, pp. 1-4.
KAMMINGA, Menno T. (1995) "The Precautionary Approach in International Human Rights Law: How It can Benefit the Environment". En Freestone, David; Hey, Ellen (coordinadores): The Precautionary Principle and International Law: the Challenge of Implementation. The Hague: Kluwer Law International, pp. 171-207.
LEE, John (2000) "The Underlying Legal Theory to Support a Well-Defined Human Right to a Healthy Environment as a Principle of Customary International Law". Columbia Journal of Environmental Law. Vol. 25, pp. 283-346.
McCAFFREY, Stephen C. (1992) "A Human Right to Water. Domestic and International Implications". Georgetown International Environmental Law Review, Vol. 5, pp. 1-25.
McCAFFREY, Stephen C. (1998) "The UN Convention on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses: Prospects and Pitfalls". Disponible en http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/env/water/cwc/legal/UNConvention_McCaffrey.pdf [fecha de visita 11 de junio de 2014] .
McGRAW, George S. (2011) "Defining and Defending the Right to Water and Its. Minimum Core: Legal Construction and the Role of National Jurisprudence". Loyola University Chicago International Law Review. Vol. 8, N° 2, pp. 127-204.
McINTYRE, Owen (2007) Environmental Protection of International Watercourses under International Law. Burlington: Ashgate Publishing Company, 422 pp.
MURTHY, Sharmila L. (2013) "The Human Right(s) to Water and Sanitation: History, Meaning, and the Controversy Over-Privatization". Berkeley Journal of International Law, Vol. 31, N° 1, pp. 89-157.
NOGUEIRA ALCALÁ, Humberto (2012) "Diálogo interjurisdiccional, control de convencionalidad y jurisprudencia del Tribunal Constitucional en período 2006 - 2011". Estudios constitucionales: Revista del Centro de Estudios Constitucionales. Año 10, N° 2, pp. 57-140.
OLSON, Erik (2003) What's on the tap? Grading Drinking Water in U.S. Cities. 212 pp. Disponible en: http://www.nrdc.org/water/drinking/uscities/pdf/whatsontap.pdf [fecha de visita 21 de febrero de 2013] .
PAVONI, Riccardo (2013) Interesse pubblico e diritti individuali nella giurisprudenza ambientale della corte europea dei diritti umani. Napoli: Editoriale Scientifica, 204 pp.
ROBERTS, Anthea E. (2001) "Traditional and Modern Approaches to Customary International Law: A Reconciliation". American Journal of International Law. Vol. 95, pp. 757-791.
SALMAN, M.A. Salman; McINERNEY-LANKFORD, Siobhán (2004) The Human Right to Water. Legal and Policy Dimensions. Washington, DC: Law, Justice, and Development Series, The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank, 198 pp. Disponible en http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2004/10/18/000090341_20041018135134/Rendered/PDF/302290PAPER0Human0right0to0H20.pdf [Fecha de visita: 11 de junio de 2014] .
SALMÓN G., Elizabeth. (2012) "El derecho humano al agua y los aportes del sistema interamericano de derechos humanos". Universitas. Revista de Filosofía, Derecho y Política. N° 16, julio, pp. 245-268.
SHAW, Malcom N. (2008) International Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1542 pp.
SMETS, Henri (2000) "De l'eau potable pour les pauvres". Environmental Policy and Law, Vol. 30 N° 3, pp. 125 - 140.
SMETS, Henri (2013) "Plus aucun état pour contester le droit de l'homme á l'eau". Le Huffington Post. Disponible en: http://www.huffingtonpost.fr/henri-smets/eau-droit-de-lhomme_b_4491950.html [fecha de visita 21 de noviembre de 2014] .
STEINER, Henry J.; ALSTON, Philip; GOODMAN, Ryan (2008) International human rights in context. Law, politics, morals: text and materials. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1492 pp.
TAKELE SOBOKA BULTO (2011) "The Emergence of the Human Right to Water in International Human Rights Law: Invention or Discovery?". Melbourne Journal of International Law. Vol 12, N° 2, pp. 1-25.
TAKELE SOBOKA BULTO (2011) "The human right to water in the Corpus and Jurisprudence of the African human rights system". African Human Rights Law Journal. Vol. 11, N° 2, pp. 341-357.
TANZI, Attila (2001) "Regional Integration and the Protection of the Environment: the UN/ECE Process on water Law as a Model for the Global Dimension". En Scovazzi, Tullio (coordinador): The protection of the environment in a context of regional economic integration: the case of the European Community, the MERCOSUR, and the NAFTA. Milano: Giuffré, pp. 345-393.
TANZI, Attila (2010) "Reducing the Gap between International Water Law and Human Rights Law: The UNECE Protocol on Water and Health". International Community Law Review. Vol. 12 N° 3, pp. 267-285.
TANZI, Attila; ARCARI, Maurizio (2001) The United Nations Convention on the Law of International Watercourses A Framework for Sharing. The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 358 pp.
THIELBÖRGER, Pierre (2014) The Right(s) to Water. The Multi-Level Governance of a Unique Human Right. Heidelberg: Springer, 236 pp.
UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE (2013) The Equitable Access Score-card: Supporting policy processes to achieve the human right to water and sanitation. U.N. Doc. ECE/MP.WH/8. 60 pp. Disponible en http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/env/water/publications/PWH_equitable_access/1324456_ECE_MP_WP_8_Web_Interactif_ENG.pdf [fecha de visita. 14 de abril de 2014] .
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION; UNITED NATIONS INTERNATIONAL CHILDREN'S FUND (2013) Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-Water, 2013 Update. 40 pp. Disponible en: http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/JMPreport2013.pdf. [fecha de visita 23 de junio de 2014] .
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION; UNITED NATIONS INTERNATIONAL CHILDREN'S FUND (2012) Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-Water, 2012 Update. 66 pp. Disponible en: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2012/9789280646320_eng_full_text.pdf?ua=1 [fecha de visita: 14 de febrero de 2013] .
WOUTERS, Patricia (2011) "The International Law of Watercourses: New Dimensions". En Xiamen Academy of International Law (coordinador): Collected Courses of the Xiamen Academy of International Law. The Netherlands: Brill Academic, pp. 347-541.
AGUILAR CAVALLO, Gonzalo (2012) "The Human Right to Water and Sanitation: From Political Commitments to Customary Rule?". Pace International Law Review Online Companion. Vol. 3, N° 5, pp. 136-200.
ÁLVAREZ, Ignacio J. (2003) "The Right to Water as a Human Right". En Piccolotti, Romina; Taillant, Daniel (coordinadores): Linking Human Rights and the Environment. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, pp. 71-82.
ANDERSON, Michael R. (1996) "Human Rights Approaches to Environmental Protection". En Boyle, Alan E.; Anderson, Michael R. (coordinadores): Human Rights Approaches to Environmental Protection. Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 1-24.
ARCARI, Mauricio (1998) Il regime giuridico delle utilizzazioni dei corsi d'acqua internazionali. Principi generali e norme sostanziali. Padova: CEDAM, 484 pp.
ARCARI, Maurizio (2002) Acqua e Diritto Internazionale. Disponible en http://www.ilportoritrovato.net/html/edicolaacqua3arcari.html [fecha de visita 12 de junio de 2014] .
BARLOW, Maude; CLARKE, Tony (2003) Oro blu. La battaglia contro il furto mondiale dell'acqua. Bologna: Il Mulino, 180 pp.
BLUEMEL, Erik B. (2004). "The Implications of Formulating a Human Right to Water". Ecology Law Quarterly, Vol. 31, pp. 957-1006.
BOYLE, Alan (2012) "Human Rights and the Environment: Where Next?". European Journal of International Law. Vol. 23 N° 3, pp. 613-642.
CANCADO TRINDADE, Antonio A. (2006) El Derecho internacional de los derechos humanos en el siglo XXI. Santiago de Chile: Jurídica de Chile, 559 pp.
CAPONERA, Dante A. (1980) The Law of International Water Resources: Some General Conventions, Declarations, and Resolutions Adopted by Governments, International Legal Institutions, and International Organizations, on the Management of International Water Resources. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 324 pp.
DE ALBUQUERQUE, Catarina (2012) On the right track. Goodpractices in realising the rights to water and sanitation. 223 pp. Disponible en: http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Water/BookonGoodPractices_en.pdf [fecha de visita: 21 de noviembre de 2014]
DELLAPENNA, Joseph W. (2001) "The customary international law of transboundary fresh waters". International Journal of Global Environmental Issues. Vol. 1, N° 3/4, pp. 264-305.
DINSTEIN, Yoram (1981) "The Right to Life, Physical Integrity, and Liberty". En Henkin, Louis et al. (coordinadores): The International Bill of Rights. New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 114-137.
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION (1998) Sources of International Water Law. FAO Legislative Study N° 65. Disponible en http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/w9549e/w9549e07.htm#fnB133 [fecha de visita 5 de junio de 2014] .
GLEICK, Peter H. (1999) "The Human Right to Water". Water Policy. Vol. 1, N° 5, pp. 487-503 ss.
GLEICK, Peter. H.; SINGH, Ashbindu; SHI, Hua (2001) Emerging Threats to the World's Freshwater Resources. A Report ofthe Pacific Institute for Studies in Development, Environment, and Security. Oakland: Pacific Institute for Studies in Development, Environment, and Security, 64 pp. Disponible en http://www.pacinst.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/21/2013/02/threats_to_the_worlds_freshwater3.pdf [fecha de visita 21 de febrero de 2014] .
HUNTER, David; SALZMAN, James; ZAELKE, Durwood (2002) International Environmental Law and Policy. New York: Foundation Press, 1547 pp.
JIMÉNEZ DE ARÉCHAGA , Eduardo (1988) "Custom". En Cassese, Antonio; Weiler, Joseph H. H. (coordinadores): Change and Stability in International Law-Making. Berlin: de Grutyer, pp. 1-4.
KAMMINGA, Menno T. (1995) "The Precautionary Approach in International Human Rights Law: How It can Benefit the Environment". En Freestone, David; Hey, Ellen (coordinadores): The Precautionary Principle and International Law: the Challenge of Implementation. The Hague: Kluwer Law International, pp. 171-207.
LEE, John (2000) "The Underlying Legal Theory to Support a Well-Defined Human Right to a Healthy Environment as a Principle of Customary International Law". Columbia Journal of Environmental Law. Vol. 25, pp. 283-346.
McCAFFREY, Stephen C. (1992) "A Human Right to Water. Domestic and International Implications". Georgetown International Environmental Law Review, Vol. 5, pp. 1-25.
McCAFFREY, Stephen C. (1998) "The UN Convention on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses: Prospects and Pitfalls". Disponible en http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/env/water/cwc/legal/UNConvention_McCaffrey.pdf [fecha de visita 11 de junio de 2014] .
McGRAW, George S. (2011) "Defining and Defending the Right to Water and Its. Minimum Core: Legal Construction and the Role of National Jurisprudence". Loyola University Chicago International Law Review. Vol. 8, N° 2, pp. 127-204.
McINTYRE, Owen (2007) Environmental Protection of International Watercourses under International Law. Burlington: Ashgate Publishing Company, 422 pp.
MURTHY, Sharmila L. (2013) "The Human Right(s) to Water and Sanitation: History, Meaning, and the Controversy Over-Privatization". Berkeley Journal of International Law, Vol. 31, N° 1, pp. 89-157.
NOGUEIRA ALCALÁ, Humberto (2012) "Diálogo interjurisdiccional, control de convencionalidad y jurisprudencia del Tribunal Constitucional en período 2006 - 2011". Estudios constitucionales: Revista del Centro de Estudios Constitucionales. Año 10, N° 2, pp. 57-140.
OLSON, Erik (2003) What's on the tap? Grading Drinking Water in U.S. Cities. 212 pp. Disponible en: http://www.nrdc.org/water/drinking/uscities/pdf/whatsontap.pdf [fecha de visita 21 de febrero de 2013] .
PAVONI, Riccardo (2013) Interesse pubblico e diritti individuali nella giurisprudenza ambientale della corte europea dei diritti umani. Napoli: Editoriale Scientifica, 204 pp.
ROBERTS, Anthea E. (2001) "Traditional and Modern Approaches to Customary International Law: A Reconciliation". American Journal of International Law. Vol. 95, pp. 757-791.
SALMAN, M.A. Salman; McINERNEY-LANKFORD, Siobhán (2004) The Human Right to Water. Legal and Policy Dimensions. Washington, DC: Law, Justice, and Development Series, The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank, 198 pp. Disponible en http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2004/10/18/000090341_20041018135134/Rendered/PDF/302290PAPER0Human0right0to0H20.pdf [Fecha de visita: 11 de junio de 2014] .
SALMÓN G., Elizabeth. (2012) "El derecho humano al agua y los aportes del sistema interamericano de derechos humanos". Universitas. Revista de Filosofía, Derecho y Política. N° 16, julio, pp. 245-268.
SHAW, Malcom N. (2008) International Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1542 pp.
SMETS, Henri (2000) "De l'eau potable pour les pauvres". Environmental Policy and Law, Vol. 30 N° 3, pp. 125 - 140.
SMETS, Henri (2013) "Plus aucun état pour contester le droit de l'homme á l'eau". Le Huffington Post. Disponible en: http://www.huffingtonpost.fr/henri-smets/eau-droit-de-lhomme_b_4491950.html [fecha de visita 21 de noviembre de 2014] .
STEINER, Henry J.; ALSTON, Philip; GOODMAN, Ryan (2008) International human rights in context. Law, politics, morals: text and materials. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1492 pp.
TAKELE SOBOKA BULTO (2011) "The Emergence of the Human Right to Water in International Human Rights Law: Invention or Discovery?". Melbourne Journal of International Law. Vol 12, N° 2, pp. 1-25.
TAKELE SOBOKA BULTO (2011) "The human right to water in the Corpus and Jurisprudence of the African human rights system". African Human Rights Law Journal. Vol. 11, N° 2, pp. 341-357.
TANZI, Attila (2001) "Regional Integration and the Protection of the Environment: the UN/ECE Process on water Law as a Model for the Global Dimension". En Scovazzi, Tullio (coordinador): The protection of the environment in a context of regional economic integration: the case of the European Community, the MERCOSUR, and the NAFTA. Milano: Giuffré, pp. 345-393.
TANZI, Attila (2010) "Reducing the Gap between International Water Law and Human Rights Law: The UNECE Protocol on Water and Health". International Community Law Review. Vol. 12 N° 3, pp. 267-285.
TANZI, Attila; ARCARI, Maurizio (2001) The United Nations Convention on the Law of International Watercourses A Framework for Sharing. The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 358 pp.
THIELBÖRGER, Pierre (2014) The Right(s) to Water. The Multi-Level Governance of a Unique Human Right. Heidelberg: Springer, 236 pp.
UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE (2013) The Equitable Access Score-card: Supporting policy processes to achieve the human right to water and sanitation. U.N. Doc. ECE/MP.WH/8. 60 pp. Disponible en http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/env/water/publications/PWH_equitable_access/1324456_ECE_MP_WP_8_Web_Interactif_ENG.pdf [fecha de visita. 14 de abril de 2014] .
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION; UNITED NATIONS INTERNATIONAL CHILDREN'S FUND (2013) Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-Water, 2013 Update. 40 pp. Disponible en: http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/JMPreport2013.pdf. [fecha de visita 23 de junio de 2014] .
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION; UNITED NATIONS INTERNATIONAL CHILDREN'S FUND (2012) Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-Water, 2012 Update. 66 pp. Disponible en: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2012/9789280646320_eng_full_text.pdf?ua=1 [fecha de visita: 14 de febrero de 2013] .
WOUTERS, Patricia (2011) "The International Law of Watercourses: New Dimensions". En Xiamen Academy of International Law (coordinador): Collected Courses of the Xiamen Academy of International Law. The Netherlands: Brill Academic, pp. 347-541.