Cyberbullying among bystanders of a school in Colombia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22199/issn.0718-7475-2020-0005Keywords:
cyberbullying, bystanders, teenagers, sex, ageAbstract
The objective of this study was to know the prevalence of cyberbullying observers, taking into account the age and gender of the participants. It is a cross-sectional and exploratory study in a Secondary School in Bucaramanga, Colombia. The participants were 236 students aged between 11 and 17 years. The Cyberbullying Test of Garaigordobil (2013) was used. 31.8% of the sample said they had observed one or more cyberbullying behaviors in the last year. In addition, no statistically significant differences were found regarding the gender or the age of the participants. The importance of the intervention against cyberbullying is highlighted considering the role that observers play in this type of behavior.
References
Álvarez-García, D., Núñez Pérez, J. C., Álvarez Pérez, L., Dobarro González, A., Rodríguez Pérez, C., & González-Castro, P. (2011). Violencia a través de las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación en estudiantes de secundaria. Anales de Psicología, 27(1), 221-230.
Anderson, J., Bresnahan, M., & Musatics, C. (2014). Combating weight-based cyberbullying on Facebook with the dissenter effect. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, 17(5), 281-286. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2013.0370
Angel, N. G. (2019). Análisis bibliográfico de las características y consecuencias de los roles desempeñados en la violencia escolar: agresores, víctimas y observadores. Apuntes de Psicología, 36(3), 181-190. http://www.apuntesdepsicologia.es/index.php/revista/article/download/749/518
Aranzales, Y. D., Castaño, J. J., Figueroa, R. A., Jaramillo, S., Landázuri, J. N., Muriel, V., ... & Valencia, K. (2014). Frecuencia de acoso y ciberacoso, y sus formas de presentación en estudiantes de secundaria de colegios públicos de la ciudad de Manizales, 2013. Archivos de Medicina, 14(1), 65-82. https://doi.org/10.30554/archmed.14.1.237.2014
Ball, S. (2007). Bystanders and bullying: a summary of research for anti-bullying week. http://www.antibullyingalliance.org.uk/pdf/Bystanders_ and_Bullying.pdf
Bartholomew, L. K., Parcel, G. S., Kok, G., Gottlieb, N. H., & Fernandez, M. E. (2011). Planning Health Promotion Programs. An Intervention Mapping Approach (3rd ed.). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Bastiaensens, S., Vandebosch, H., Poels, K., Van Cleemput, K., DeSmet, A., & De Bourdeaudhuij, I. (2014). Cyberbullying on social network sites. An experimental study into bystanders' behavioural intentions to help the victim or reinforce the bully. Computers in Human Behavior, 31, 259-271. DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2013.10.036
Bastiaensens, S., Pabian, S., Vandebosch, H., Poels, K., Van Cleemput, K., DeSmet, A., et al. (2016). From normative influence to social pressure: how relevant others affect whether bystanders join in cyberbullying. Social Development, 25(1), 193-211. https://doi.org/10.1111/sode.12134
Barlińska, J., Szuster, A., & Winiewski, M. (2013). Cyberbullying among adolescent bystanders: role of the communication medium, form of violence, and empathy. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 23, 37-51. https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.2137
Calatayud, V. G., Espinosa, M. P. P., & Ruiz, C. B. (2020). Investigación sobre adolescentes que son observadores de situaciones de ciberacoso. Revista de Investigación Educativa, 38(1), 259-273. https://doi.org/10.6018/rie.370691
Campbell, M. A. (2005). Cyber bullying: An old problem in a new guise? Australian Journal of Guidance & Counseling, 15, 68-76. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/1925/1/1925.pdf
Campbell, M. A., Whiteford, C., Duncanson, K., Spears, B., Butler, D., & Slee, P. T. (2020). Cyberbullying bystanders: Gender, grade, and actions among primary and secondary school students in Australia. In Developing Safer Online Environments for Children: Tools and Policies for Combatting Cyber Aggression (pp. 113-129). IGI Global.
Carter, M. A. (2013). Third party observers witnessing cyber bullying on social media sites. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 84, 1296-1309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.06.747
Chocarro, E. & Garaigordobil, M. (2019). Bullying y cyberbullying: diferencias de sexo en víctimas, agresores y observadores. Pensamiento Psicológico, 17(2), 57-71. http://dx.doi.org/10.11144/javerianacali.ppsi17-2.bcds
DeSmet, A., Bastiaensens, S., Van Cleemput, K., Poels, K., Vandebosch, H., Cardon, G., & De Bourdeaudhuij, I. (2016). Deciding whether to look after them, to like it, or leave it: A multidimensional analysis of predictors of positive and negative bystander behavior in cyberbullying among adolescents. Computers in Human Behavior, 57, 398-415. DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2015.12.051
DeSmet, A., De Bourdeaudhuij, I., Walrave, M., & Vandebosch, H. (2019). Associations between bystander reactions to cyberbullying and victims' emotional experiences and mental health. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 22(10), 648-656. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2019.0031
Dehue, F., Bolman, C., & Völlink, T. (2008). Cyberbullying: Youngsters’ experiences and parental perception. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 11, 217-223. DOI: 10.1089/cpb.2007.0008
Erreygers, S., Pabian, S., Vandebosch, H., & Baillien, E. (2016). Helping behavior among adolescent bystanders of cyberbullying: The role of impulsivity. Learning and Individual Differences, 48, 61-67. DOI: 10.1016/j.lindif.2016.03.003
Festinger, L. (1962). Cognitive dissonance. Scientific American, 207, 93-102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican1062-93
Festl, R., & Quandt, T. (2013). Social relations and cyberbullying: the influence of individual and structural attributes on victimization and perpetration via the internet. Human Communication Research, 39, 101-126. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2012.01442.x
Fox, J., & Moreland, J. J. (2015). The dark side of social networking sites: an exploration of the relational and psychological stressors associated with Facebook use and affordances. Computers in Human Behavior, 45, 168-176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.11.083
Freis, S. D., & Gurung, R. A. R. (2013). A Facebook analysis of helping behavior in online bullying. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 2, 11-19. DOI: 10.1037/a0030239
González-Arévalo, B. (2015). Los observadores ante el ciberacoso (cyberbullying). Revista Investigación en la Escuela, 87, 81-90.
Garaigordobil, M. (2013). Cyberbullying: Prevalencia en el País Vasco, conexión con variables personales y familiares y programa de prevención e intervención. Revista Digital de la Asociación Convives, 3(1), 45-46.
Garaigordobil, M. (2015). Ciberbullying en adolescentes y jóvenes del País Vasco: Cambios con la edad. Anales de psicología, 31(3), 1069-1076. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/analesps.31.3.179151
Hayashi, Y., & Tahmasbi, N. (2020). Decision-making process underlying bystanders’ helping cyberbullying victims: A behavioral economic analysis of role of social discounting. Computers in Human Behavior, 104, 106-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.106157
Hinduja, S., & Patchin, J. W. (2012). Cyberbullying: neither an epidemic nor a rarity. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 9, 539-543. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2012.706448
Huang, Y. Y., & Chou, C. (2010). An analysis of multiple factors of cyberbullying among junior high school students in Taiwan. Computers in Human Behavior, 26, 1581-1590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2010.06.005
Kiriakidis, S. P., & Kavoura, A. (2010). Cyberbullying. A review on the literature on harassment through the internet and other electronic means. Family Community Health, 33, 82-93. DOI: 10.1097/FCH.0b013e3181d593e4
Kraft, E. (2011). Online Bystanders: Are they the key to preventing cyberbullying. http://www.elementalethics.com/files/Ellen_Kraft_PhD.pdf
Lazuras, L., Barkoukis, V., & Tsorbatzoudis, H. (2017). Face-to-face bullying and cyberbullying in adolescents: Trans-contextual effects and role overlap. Technology in Society, 48, 97-101. DOI: 10.1016/j.techsoc.2016.12.001
Lenhart, A., Madden, M., Smith, A., Purcell, K., Zickuhr, K., & Rainie, L. (2011). Teens, kindness and cruelty on social network sites. Washington, DC: Pew Research Centre.
Li, Q. (2007). Cyberbullying in schools: A research of gender differences. School Psychology International, 72, 157-170. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143034306064547
Li, Q., & Fung, T. (2012). Predicting student behaviors. Cyberbullies, cybervictims, and bystanders. In Q. Li, D. Cross, & P. K. Smith (Eds.), Cyberbullying in the global playground: Research from international perspectives (pp. 99-114). West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell
Macháčková, H., Dedkova, L., Sevcikova, A., & Cerna, A. (2013). Bystanders' support of cyberbullied schoolmates. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 23, 25-36. https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.2135
Macháčková, H. (2020). Bystander reactions to cyberbullying and cyberaggression: individual, contextual, and social factors. Current Opinion in Psychology, 36, 130-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2020.06.003
Menesini, E., Nocentini, A., & Palladino, B. E. (2012). Empowering students against bullying and cyberbullying: evaluation of an italian peer-led model. International Journal of Conflict and Violence, 6, 314-321. DOI: 10.4119/UNIBI/ijcv.253
Ministerio de Salud. República de Colombia (1993). Resolución 8430 de 1993. https://www.minsalud.gov.co/sites/rid/Lists/BibliotecaDigital/RIDE/DE/DIJ/RESOLUCION-8430-DE-1993.PDF
Modecki, K. L., Minchin, J., Harbaugh, A. G., Guerra, N. G., & Runions, K. C. (2014). Bullying prevalence across contexts: a meta-analysis measuring cyber and traditional bullying. Journal of Adolescent Health, 55, 602-611. DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.06.007
Moxey, N., & Bussey, K. (2020). Styles of bystander intervention in cyberbullying incidents. International Journal of Bullying Prevention, 2(1), 6-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42380-019-00039-1
Niblack, J. E. (2013). Factors that influence bystander behavior in the cyberbully context. Chicago: Wichita State University.
Obermaier, M., Fawzi, N., & Koch, T. (2014). Bystanding or standing by? How the number of bystanders affects the intention to intervene in cyberbullying. New Media & Society, 18(8), 1491-1507. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444814563519
Olenik-Shemesh, D., Heiman, T., & Eden, S. (2015). Bystanders' behavior in cyberbullying episodes: active and passive patterns in the context of personal-socioemotional factors. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 32(1), 23-48. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260515585531
Palladino, B. E., Nocentini, A., & Menesini, E. (2012). Online and offline peer led modelsagainst bullying and cyberbullying. Psicothema, 24, 634-639.
Panumaporn, J., Hongsanguansri, S., Atsariyasing, W., & Kiatrungrit, K. (2020). Bystanders’ behaviours and associated factors in cyberbullying. General Psychiatry, 33(3), e100187. doi: 10.1136/gpsych-2019-100187
Patchin, J. W., & Hinduja, S. (2006). Bullies move beyond the schoolyard: A preliminary look at cyberbullying. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 4(2), 148-169. DOI: 10.1177/1541204006286288
Piliavin, J. A., Dovidio, J., Gaertner, S. L., & Clark, R. D. I. (1981). Emergency intervention. New York, NY: Academic Press.
Pozzoli, T., Gini, G., & Vieno, A. (2012). The role of individual correlates and class norms in defending and passive bystanding behavior in bullying: a multilevel analysis. Child Development, 83, 1917-1931. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2012.01831.x
Price, M., & Dalgleish, J. (2010). Cyberbullying. Experiences, impacts and coping strategies as described by Australian young people. Youth Studies Australia, 29, 51-59.
Salmivalli, C. (2010). Bullying and the peer group: A review. Journal of Aggression and Violent Behavior, 115, 112-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2009.08.007
Salmivalli, C., Kärnä, A., & Poskiparta, E. (2011). Counteracting bullying in Finland: The KiVa program and its effects on different forms of being bullied. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 35, 405-411. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025411407457
Sarmiento, A., Herrera-López, M., & Zych, I. (2019). Is cyberbullying a group process? Online and offline bystanders of cyberbullying act as defenders, reinforcers and outsiders. Computers in Human Behavior, 99, 328-334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.05.037
Slonje, R., & Smith, P. K. (2008). Cyberbullying: Another main type of bullying? Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 49, 147-154. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9450.2007.00611.x
Slonje, R., Smith, P. K., & Frisén, A. (2012). Processes of cyberbullying, and feelings of remorse by bullies: A pilot study. The European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 9, 244-260. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2011.643670
Smith, P. K. (2012). Cyberbullying and cyber aggression. In S. R. Jimerson, A. B. Nickerson, M. J. Mayer, & M. J. Furlong (Eds.), Handbook of school violence and school safety: International research and practice (pp. 93-103). Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.
Song, J., & Oh, I. (2018). Factors influencing bystanders' behavioral reactions in cyberbullying situations. Computers in Human Behavior, 78, 273-282. DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2017.10.008
Sticca, F., Ruggieri, S., Alsaker, F., & Perren, S. (2013). Longitudinal risk factors for cyberbullying in adolescence. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 23, S52-S67. https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.2136
Tokunaga, R. S. (2010). Following you home from school: a critical review and synthesis of research on cyberbullying victimization. Computers in Human Behavior, 26, 277-287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2009.11.014
Twemlow, S. W., Fonagy, P., Sacco, F. C., Gies, M. L., & Hess, D. (2001). Improving the social and intellectual climate in elementary schools by addressing bully-victim-bystander power struggles. Caring classrooms/intelligent schools: The social emotional education of young children, (pp. 162-181). New York & London: Columbia University.
Van Cleemput, K., Vandebosch, H., & Pabian, S. (2014). Personal characteristics and contextual factors that determine “Helping,” “Joining In,” and “Doing Nothing” when witnessing cyberbullying. Aggressive Behavior, 40, 383-396. DOI: 10.1002/ab.21534
Vanden Abeele, M., & De Cock, R. (2013). Cyberbullying by mobile phone among adolescents: the role of gender and peer group status. Communications, 38, 107-118. DOI: 10.1515/commun-2013-0006
Wegge, D., Pabian, S., & Vandebosch, H. (2012). Cyberpesten bij Vlaamse Adolescenten. Rapport Leeronderzoek Communicatiewetenschappen. Universiteit Antwerpen.
Wegge, D., Vandebosch, H., Eggermont, S., & Pabian, S. (2014). Popularity through online harm: the longitudinal associations between cyberbullying and sociometric status in early adolescence. Journal of Early Adolescence, 36(1), 86-107. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431614556351
Williams, K. R., & Guerra, N. G. (2007). Prevalence and predictors of internet bullying. Journal of Adolescent Health, 41(6), S14-S21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.08.018
Wolak, J., Mitchell, K., & Finkelhor, D. (2007). Unwanted and wanted exposure to online pornography in a national sample of youth Internet users. Pediatrics, 119(2), 247-257. DOI: 10.1542/peds.2006-1891
Ybarra, M. L., & Mitchell, K. J. (2004). Online aggressor/targets, aggressors, and targets: A comparison of associated youth characteristics. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45(7), 1308-1316. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00328.x
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2020 Jesús Redondo Pacheco, Cándido José Inglés Saura, Esther Rivas Rivero
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Los autores continúan como propietarios de sus trabajos, y pueden volver a publicar sus artículos en otro medio sin tener que solicitar autorización, siempre y cuando indiquen que el trabajo fue publicado originariamente en Revista Salud & Sociedad (ISSNe:0718-7475).
_(1).png)
